Virtue is a mean state; but in reference to the chief good and to excellence it is the highest state possible.
Genuine
Yes. In Nicomachean Ethics (330 BC), Book II, chapter 6 (Chase: Book II, chapter VI).
Found word for word by program in the Greek original and in D. P. Chase’s English translation.
- Work
- Nicomachean Ethics (Ἠθικὰ Νικομάχεια), 330 BC
- Where
- Book II, chapter 6 (Chase: Book II, chapter VI)
- Found at
- Paragraph 80 of the Greek text, 173 of the English
- Translation
- D. P. Chase
Researched by AI; checked by program against the full text on 31 October 2026. Editorial review: pending. How we check
On the page
It is a middle state between too faulty ones, in the way of excess on one side and of defect on the other: and it is so moreover, because the faulty states on one side fall short of, and those on the other exceed, what is right, both in the case of the feelings and the actions; but Virtue finds, and when found adopts, the mean.
Anon.
And so, viewing it in respect of its essence and definition, Virtue is a mean state; but in reference to the chief good and to excellence it is the highest state possible.
ἔστιν ἄρα ἡ ἀρετὴ ἕξις προαιρετική, ἐν μεσότητι οὖσα τῇ πρὸς ἡμᾶς, 1107a ὡρισμένῃ λόγῳ καὶ ᾧ ἂν ὁ φρόνιμος ὁρίσειεν. μεσότης δὲ δύο κακιῶν, τῆς μὲν καθ᾽ ὑπερβολὴν τῆς δὲ κατ᾽ ἔλλειψιν· καὶ ἔτι τῷ τὰς μὲν ἐλλείπειν τὰς δ᾽ ὑπερβάλλειν τοῦ δέοντος ἔν τε τοῖς πάθεσι καὶ ἐν ταῖς πράξεσι, τὴν δ᾽ ἀρετὴν τὸ μέσον καὶ εὑρίσκειν καὶ αἱρεῖσθαι. διὸ κατὰ μὲν τὴν οὐσίαν καὶ τὸν λόγον τὸν τὸ τί ἦν εἶναι λέγοντα μεσότης ἐστὶν ἡ ἀρετή, κατὰ δὲ τὸ ἄριστον καὶ τὸ εὖ ἀκρότης.
But it must not be supposed that every action or every feeling is capable of subsisting in this mean state, because some there are which are so named as immediately to convey the notion of badness, as malevolence, shamelessness, envy; or, to instance in actions, adultery, theft, homicide; for all these and suchlike are blamed because they are in themselves bad, not the having too much or too little of them.
Οὐ πᾶσα δ᾽ ἐπιδέχεται πρᾶξις οὐδὲ πᾶν πάθος τὴν μεσότητα· ἔνια γὰρ εὐθὺς ὠνόμασται συνειλημμένα μετὰ τῆς φαυλότητος, οἷον ἐπιχαιρεκακία ἀναισχυντία φθόνος, καὶ ἐπὶ τῶν πράξεων μοιχεία κλοπὴ ἀνδροφονία· πάντα γὰρ ταῦτα καὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα λέγεται τῷ αὐτὰ φαῦλα εἶναι, ἀλλ᾽ οὐχ αἱ ὑπερβολαὶ αὐτῶν οὐδ᾽ αἱ ἐλλείψεις. οὐκ ἔστιν οὖν οὐδέποτε περὶ αὐτὰ κατορθοῦν, ἀλλ᾽ ἀεὶ ἁμαρτάνειν· οὐδ᾽ ἔστι τὸ εὖ ἢ μὴ εὖ περὶ τὰ τοιαῦτα ἐν τῷ ἣν δεῖ καὶ ὅτε καὶ ὡς μοιχεύειν, ἀλλ᾽ ἁπλῶς τὸ ποιεῖν ὁτιοῦν τούτων ἁμαρτάνειν ἐστίν. ὅμοιον οὖν τὸ ἀξιοῦν καὶ περὶ τὸ ἀδικεῖν καὶ δειλαίνειν καὶ ἀκολασταίνειν εἶναι μεσότητα καὶ ὑπερβολὴν καὶ ἔλλειψιν· ἔσται γὰρ οὕτω γε ὑπερβολῆς καὶ ἐλλείψεως μεσότης καὶ ὑπερβολῆς ὑπερβολὴ καὶ ἔλλειψις ἐλλείψεως. ὥσπερ δὲ σωφροσύνης καὶ ἀνδρείας οὐκ ἔστιν ὑπερβολὴ καὶ ἔλλειψις διὰ τὸ τὸ μέσον εἶναί πως ἄκρον, οὕτως οὐδ᾽ ἐκείνων μεσότης οὐδ᾽ ὑπερβολὴ καὶ ἔλλειψις, ἀλλ᾽ ὡς ἂν πράττηται ἁμαρτάνεται· ὅλως γὰρ οὔθ᾽ ὑπερβολῆς καὶ ἐλλείψεως μεσότης ἔστιν, οὔτε μεσότητος ὑπερβολὴ καὶ ἔλλειψις.
In these then you never can go right, but must always be wrong: nor in such does the right or wrong depend on the selection of a proper person, time, or manner (take adultery for instance), but simply doing any one soever of those things is being wrong.
Δεῖ δὲ τοῦτο μὴ μόνον καθόλου λέγεσθαι, ἀλλὰ καὶ τοῖς καθ᾽ ἕκαστα ἐφαρμόττειν. ἐν γὰρ τοῖς περὶ τὰς πράξεις λόγοις οἱ μὲν καθόλου κοινότεροί εἰσιν, οἱ δ᾽ ἐπὶ μέρους ἀληθινώτεροι· περὶ γὰρ τὰ καθ᾽ ἕκαστα αἱ πράξεις, δέον δ᾽ ἐπὶ τούτων συμφωνεῖν. ληπτέον οὖν ταῦτα ἐκ τῆς διαγραφῆς. περὶ μὲν οὖν φόβους καὶ θάῤῥη ἀνδρεία μεσότης· 1107b τῶν δ᾽ ὑπερβαλλόντων ὁ μὲν τῇ ἀφοβίᾳ ἀνώνυμος (πολλὰ δ᾽ ἐστὶν ἀνώνυμα), ὁ δ᾽ ἐν τῷ θαῤῥεῖν ὑπερβάλλων θρασύς, ὁ δ᾽ ἐν τῷ μὲν φοβεῖσθαι ὑπερβάλλων τῷ δὲ θαῤῥεῖν ἐλλείπων δειλός. περὶ ἡδονὰς δὲ καὶ λύπας—οὐ πάσας, ἧττον δὲ “καὶ” περὶ τὰς λύπας—μεσότης μὲν σωφροσύνη, ὑπερβολὴ δὲ ἀκολασία. ἐλλείποντες δὲ περὶ τὰς ἡδονὰς οὐ πάνυ γίνονται· διόπερ οὐδ᾽ ὀνόματος τετυχήκασιν οὐδ᾽ οἱ τοιοῦτοι, ἔστωσαν δὲ ἀναίσθητοι.
The scene
Aristotle has distinguished the appropriate response relative to a person and situation from an arithmetical midpoint. He defines virtue as a disposition involving choice and then explains its double aspect: intermediate between excess and deficiency in definition, but highest in excellence. He immediately adds that some actions are bad in themselves and admit of no virtuous mean.
What it means
Virtue finds the appropriate response between too much and too little, but this does not make it mediocre: measured by goodness it is an extreme of excellence.
Often misread
Not “always split the difference” or “everything in moderation.” The mean is relative to circumstances and reason, not the numerical average of two positions, and Aristotle expressly excludes actions he regards as inherently wrong.
Topics
Related quotes
- To be angry is what any man can do, and easy: but to do these to the right person, in due proportion, at the right time, with a right object, and in the right manner, this is not as before what any man can do, nor is it easy. (paraphrase)
- we are enquiring not merely that we may know what virtue is but that we may become virtuous
- Happiness is a kind of working of the soul in the way of perfect Excellence
- Happiness is the meaning and the purpose of life, the whole aim and end of human existence. (paraphrase)
- Natural justice is a symbol or expression of expediency, to prevent one man from harming or being harmed by another. Epicurus
Cite it
Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics (330 BC), Book II, chapter 6 (Chase: Book II, chapter VI), translated by D. P. Chase. Checked at Quotogeny, https://quotogeny.com/q/virtue-is-a-mean-state/ (31 October 2026).
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